PROPOLIS-BASED BIOMATERIALS IN TISSUE REGENERATION: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS

Resumo

Propolis is a bee-derived biomaterial widely recognized for its therapeutic properties, particularly its antimicrobial, anti -inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound -healing activities, which confer significant potential in the treatment of wounds and burns under different physiological conditions. This study consists of a literature review covering publications from 2015 to 2025, aiming to evaluate the wound -healing potential of propolis and its applicability in modern medicine. The methodology involved a descriptive and exploratory analysis of scientifi c articles indexed in databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, including in vitro studies, preclinical models, and clinical trials. The selected studies investigated different pharmaceutical formulations containing propolis, such as nan ofiber dressings, hydrogels, ointments, creams, and sprays. The results demonstrate that propolis is capable of modulating inflammatory pathways, particularly through inhibition of NF-κB activation and regulation of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL- 1β, and IL-6, as well as reducing oxidative stress and promoting extracellular matrix deposition. Additionally, bioactive compounds such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) play a central role in antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Experimental models, includ ing studies in Wistar rats, showed enhanced wound closure when propolis was incorporated into biomaterials, such as polyurethane nanofibers combined with hyaluronic acid and ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP 1%), demonstrating superior healing efficiency compared to control groups. Clinical studies also indicate improved healing outcomes in chronic wounds and burns. Despite these promising findings, limitations such as compositional variability due to botanical and geographical factors, lack of standardization, and the need for more robust clinical trials remain significant challenges. In conclusion, propolis represents a promising biomaterial with significant therapeutic potential in tissue regeneration, although further studies are required to ensure its safety, efficacy, and standardization for clinical application.