URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS: RISK FACTORS, DIAGNOSTIC METHODS AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES

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Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages and sexes, with a higher prevalence in women due to anatomical factors. Most cases are caused by Escherichia coli, fol lowed by other uropathogens such as Klebsiella and Staphylococcus species. UTIs range from uncomplicated cystitis to severe conditions such as pyelonephritis and urosepsis, representing a significant public health concern due to their high incidence and association with frequent antibiotic use. Objectives: To analyze the main risk factors, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic strategies for urinary tract infections, highlighting recent advances and challenges related to antimicrobial resistance. Material and Methods: This study is a narrative literature review based on scientific articles indexed in databases such as PubMed and SciELO, prioritizing recent publications. The Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) was utilized as an articl e selection tool to increase the methodological rigor of the research. Studies addressing etiology, clinical manifestations, risk factors, diagnostic techniques, and treatment approaches for UTIs were included. Results: UTIs are predominantly caused by bac terial ascent from the intestinal microbiota, with Escherichia coli accounting for most cases. Clinical manifestations vary according to the site of infection, with lower UTIs presenting dysuria, urinary frequency, and urgency, while upper UTIs are associa ted with fever, flank pain, and systemic symptoms. Risk factors include female anatomy, sexual activity, urinary catheterization, pregnancy, genetic predisposition, and hormonal changes such as reduced estrogen levels. Urine culture remains the gold standard for diagnosis; however, it is time consuming. Emerging diagnostic techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and molecular based methods, have demonstrated higher sensitivity and faster pathogen detection. Treatment is primarily based on anti biotic therapy, although increasing antimicrobial resistance, particularly to beta lactams and fluoroquinolones, poses a significant challenge. Supportive strategies such as increased hydration and the use of probiotics may contribute to the prevention of recurrent infections. Conclusion: UTIs represent a highly prevalent condition with important clinical implications. Early and accurate diagnosis, combined with appropriate therapeutic strategies, is essential to prevent complications and reduce antimicrobi al resistance. Advances in diagnostic methods and the rational use of antibiotics are fundamental to improving patient outcomes.